If it is true ｜ Science, where did you come from？

What is science?According to the Eastern Han Dynasty(? – 147 years)The “Speaking of the Words”, “Ke” is a word of meaning, from “He Cong Dou, the volume of the fightingman”.Therefore, “science” in ancient times means measurement of measurement.The word modern “science” originated from Latin“Scientia”, English is“Science”EssenceIt means “knowledge” and “learning”.In 1868 (the first year of the Meiji of Japan), Fuzawa Yuji(1835-1901)The book “Poor Story” was published, and the book was“Science”Translated as science.Kang Youwei(1858-1927)For the first time in “Japanese Books”, the word “science” is cited.

According to the “Modern Chinese Dictionary” (seventh edition), “science” is defined as “a knowledge system that reflects objective laws such as nature, society, thinking”.Science usually refers to knowledge and knowledge about nature.There are “social sciences” about society, and “engineering science” about engineering.There are many divisions, such as biological science, life science, computer science, etc.

In daily life, there are 5 meaning in science:

About the systematic knowledge about nature and transformation of nature;

A tool;

A ideological system;

A social system;

A thinking system.

According to the famous British scholar Karbo ● Pur(Karl Popper, 1902-1994)There are three characteristics of research: science:

What can be confirmed is science.From ancient times to today, human beings have experienced three stages of nature: First, the theological stage, attribute natural phenomena that do not understand (such as old, sick, dying, wind, drought, flood, earthquake volcano, etc.) to God.Come to solve.The second is to explain all phenomena in metaphysics, using form or general essence (such as good, evil, cause and effect, yin and yang, etc.).The third is the empirical stage, that is, the scientific stage, what cannot be empirical is not science;

What is useful is science.Human cognition can be divided into two categories: true and false cognition and value cognition.Of course, fake is not science, nor science is useless.At this point, some scholars have different opinions;

Those who may be falsified are science.This sentence is a little bit mouth, but it is very important.It means that those plain, ambiguous things are difficult to falsify (such as astrology, canopy, good and evil reincarnation, etc.), so it is not science.

The beginning of science can be traced back to around 600 BC.At that time, there were some examples of observing and accurately describing nature in China, Egypt, the Lianghe Basin, Iran and India, but they all knew it but did not know why.A group of great philosophers came into being (Figure 1).They tried to surpass “knowledge”, establish “knowledge”, and make reasonable laws that are reasonable to natural phenomena, and even God must obey the rational law.

Figure 1. Some famous ancient philosophers

There are Tosist in ancient Iran(Zarathustra, around 628 BC -around 551 BC)EssenceHe founded the Toshiskism(Zoroastrianism), Also known as worshiping fire teaching (Figure 2).The ancient Iranian faithful faith was dedicated.Worshiping the fire tutor believes that the world’s main god is Ahura Mazda(Ahura Mazda)EssenceAhura Mazda created heaven, ground, water, plants, animals, people, and fire (so Number 7 is an auspicious number of Iranians).The fire is “light”, and worshiping the fire is a sacred duty. Therefore, the temples that worship the fire will have a flame that will never go out.Everything in the world is the result of the battle of the god of light with the dark devil.Toskism has received the Persian dynasty in Iran’s Iranian(550 BC -330 BC)And Sansan Dynasty(224 -651)Support, prosperity.In 651, Iran was conquered by the Arabs, and the Iranians changed to Islam.

Figure 2, Faravahahar, a tribute to the token, stands on a pair of wings, holding a circle representing an eternal circle with one hand, and the other hand stretched forward.

There are Buddhas in ancient India(Sakyamuni, around 623 BC -around 544 BC)EssenceThe Buddhism founded by the Buddha emphasizes the consciousness of idealism.Buddhism changed the “five elements” of the “five elements” of the land, water, wind, fire, and emptiness in ancient Indianism to the “four major elements” of ground, water, wind, and fire.The combination of these four elements generates the appearance of the bodies, which is called “color”.If the “four major” imbalances, you will have “disease”; if any “one big” is missing, it will “die”; in the end, the “four major” is scattered, and after all, it is “empty”; therefore, “all four are empty”.

Buddhism adopts the idea of reincarnation in ancient Indianism, but it is the ultimate solution that jumping out of reincarnation (Nirvana) is the ultimate solution.The Buddha opposed idol worship during his lifetime.Therefore, for hundreds of years after his death, there was no statue in Buddhist sculptures, but he only used a chair and a pair of footprints to indicate that he had left (Figure 3).However, today the Buddha statue has become one of the most idols in the world.In 1206, Muslims conquered India. During the next century, Hindu, rooted in the people, survived, but Buddhism was disaster.However, Buddhism has spread to East Asia (China, Japan, North Korea) and Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar), and there are still many believers.

Figure 3, the early sculptures of Buddhism, an empty chair and a pair of footprints indicate that the Buddha had left

There is Lao Tzu in China(Li Er, 571 BC -471 BC),Confucius(Kong Qiu, 551 BC -479 BC), Mencius(Meng Yan, 372 BC -289 BC),grandson(Sun Wu, around 545 BC -around 470 BC)(He has a descendant Sun Yan who lives around 350 BC, and sometimes is also called his grandson),Mozi (Mo Zhai, around 476 BC -around 390 BC)Zhuangzi(Zhuang Zhou, from about 369 BC -286 BC)wait.The deeds of these philosophers are familiar to us.

There are at least 30 famous philosophers in ancient Greece

The most important one includes:

Taylorus(Thales, between 624 and 620 BC-between 548 and 545 BC)EssenceTaylor tried to get rid of religion and explore scientific principles through natural phenomena.He studied the laws of solidity, liquid and gaseous changes in water, and put forward a judgment of “water is the source of all things”.Taylor believes that the universe is orderly, and everything in the universe has its purpose and runs at this purpose.He is known as the world’s first philosopher in the West and has a profound impact on Western philosophy and science.

Bidorlas(Pythagoras, 570 BC-500-490 BC)EssenceHe is known as Pythagras’s theorem (Pythagorean), and also discovered the rhythm (see “Pythagolas and his Immortal Sound”) and founded the Pythagras school.Pythagoras believes “counting everything” and advocates exploring the mystery of the universe through mathematics and philosophy.But he was superstitious about mysteriousism, and he died of misconduct.

Herack Litt(Heraclitus, from about 540 BC -480 BC)EssenceHe is the founder of dialectics.Heraklit believes that everything is in the process of constant change and development, and there are no eternal things in the world.His famous saying is “people cannot step into the same river twice.”He believes that fire is the original original, and all things are finally attributed to fire, and it is newly generated by fire.

Flobus(Philolas of croton, from about 470 BC -385 BC)EssenceHe is a re -disciple of Pythastorlas, a representative of the school, and has made a achievement in mathematics and music.He proposed the four elements of ground, water, fire, and qi, saying that they constitute the world’s everything in a certain proportion.He also proposed a cosmic model, thinking that the center of the universe is a fireball, all planets and celestial bodies run around this fireball, and the earth, the moon, the sun, and other planets include it.

Socrates(Socrates, 469 BC -399 BC)EssenceSocrates is known as the founder of Western philosophy.He had no work in his life (he believed that the text was difficult to convey the minority) and did not create a school.But his disciples have a lot of influence.He preached his thoughts through dialogue and emphasized the importance of philosophy and ethics.He has many famous sayings, such as “virtue is knowledge”, “knowing that he is ignorant”, “There are two kinds of people in the world, one is a happy pig, and the other is a painful person.pig”.These views have a profound impact on the development of Western philosophy and ethics.

Plato(Plato, 427 BC -347 BC)EssencePlato is one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the world in ancient times.He is a student of Socrates, a teacher of Aristotle (later).The three are also called Greece Sanjie.Plato founded his own school in Athens -College(Academy)(Figure 4), this college is the mother of modern universities.The doctrine of Plato includes:

Social division of labor: Society consists of three types of people:(1) Producers, including craftsmen, farmers, businessmen, etc.; (2) defenders, mainly soldiers, they should be loyal, brave and responsible; (3) Scholars and rulers, they should be wise, virtue, open, self -disciplined, self -disciplinedAnd diligent.

Ideal State (Utopia): Including the government, harmony, management, etc.;

IChling: Knowing one thing involves the concept of priority and practical perception, the two are irreplaceable and may not be compatible;

Love: The love of Plato is abstract and does not involve sensual love;

Mathematical Science: Plato has set a school rules for his school -people who do not understand mathematics must not enter.The courses that students must learn include geometry, astronomy, and music;

Law: Basis of law, execution methods, etc.But Plato failed to complete it;

Universe: The universe is composed of water, fire, air and soil. God creates the world and has a soul.

Hippox(Hippocrates, 460 BC -377 BC)EssenceHippocrat is the founder of Western medicine and is known as the “father of medicine.”Hippokrad believes that human health is determined by the balance of blood, mucus, yellow bile, and black bile. If these body fluids are imbalanced, they will get sick (now it is proven to be wrong).He advocated that healing the disease should be recovered as much as possible, and the best way to maintain a healthy best is to eat less (especially when you are sick) and walk more.He believes that doctors should understand the disease by observing and empirical evidence, and formulate a treatment plan based on the individual conditions of the patient.Hippokrad also proposed the professional moral rules of medical staff: “Hippocrata Oath” (see “Fever and Anti -fever medicine”), which is still the basis for medical ethics and professional ethics.

Democyt(Democritus, 460 BC -361 BC)EssenceDemocylt and Socrates and Plato were contemporary people.He believes that all things in the universe are composed of atoms, and different combinations and movements of atoms form different material and material forms.The universe was not founded, and the existence of the universe has no purpose.Democlete also believes that human souls are also composed of atoms.He emphasized happiness, and believes that the standard of morality is happiness and happiness, and happiness is the ultimate purpose of life.Democlete was very longevity and was a competitor with Plato in the world.

Oujili(Euclid, 330 BC -275 BC)EssenceOu Jili is one of the greatest mathematicians in the world, and is known as the “father of geometry”.His masterpiece “Geometry Original” is one of the most successful textbooks in history and has used it for 2,000 years.His “axiom -proposition -proof” method has a huge impact on the development of mathematics and science in future generations, and it is still the law of Jinke Yu.

Akimid(Archimedes, 287 BC -212 BC)EssenceArchimedes made outstanding contributions in mathematics, mechanics, optics, fluid mechanics and engineering science.In terms of mathematics, he invented the Archimedes snail line.In terms of mechanics, he discovered the principle of leverage and the principle of gravity.In terms of optics, he studied the principle of refraction and reflection of light and discovered the gathers.In terms of fluid mechanics, he found buoyancy and proportion.In terms of engineering, he invented many practical machinery and tools, such as spiral pumps, warships, cranes, etc. (see “One of the Mechanical Energy”).His famous saying is “Give me a fulcrum, and I can pry up the entire earth.”

Starcashus(Hipparchus, 190 BC -120 BC)EssenceStarchas is the founder of Western astronomy.He set a space for space and prepared a position table with 1022 stars, which also marked the brightness.He also accurately measured the distance from the earth to the moon and the length of the year (see “Spring, Liching, Spring Festival, Spring Equintest”).

These great scholars are the pioneers of science

Figure 4, Raphael (1483-1520), a famous painting “School of Athens” across the time and space.The drawing is Ou Guli, wearing a yellow clothes hand to support the earth’s back to the reader, Claudius Ptolemaeus (about 90 years to 168 years), and the same hand to the Earth opposite the opposite Ptolemy is ZeliaStud, the young man standing next to it is Raphael himself, the lower left corner is Pythagoras, and the brown clothes are Socrates in the upper left.The red person is Plato, and the blue dress next to him is Aristotle.

The first scientist in the world is the laurel of non -Aristotle(Aristot, 384 BC -322 BC)Yes.Aristotle and our ancient Chinese Mencius (372 BC -289 BC) were people of the same period.He was born in a small town in northern Greece(Stagira), Father is a doctor of the Macedonian royal family.As early as Aristotle’s parents, he grew up with his sister and brother -in -law.At the age of 18, he went to the Athens teacher from Plato(Plato, 427 BC -347 BC)In the famous “Academy”(Academy)I have studied and worked for nearly 20 years.Plato’s research is mainly the topic of social sciences such as philosophy, politics, and law.Aristotle also attacks natural sciences such as logic, physics, biology, and other natural sciences.After Plato’s death, Aristotle first arrived in a small country(Mysia)After working for a few years, he married the king’s cousin during the period.In 343 BC, he received King Philip II of Macedonia(Philip II, 382 BC -336 BC)Invitation, teach Prince Prince Alexander(Alexander The Great, 356 BC -323 BC)EssenceAt that time, Philip II just burned his hometown. He proposed to rebuild his hometown, and Philip II agreed quickly.So Aristotle went to Macedonia. At this time he was 41 years old and 13 years old Alexander (Figure 5).

Figure 5, Aristotle and his student Alexander

In 335 BC, Alexander entered the throne and soon conquered Athens.Aristotle went to Athens and established his own school “speech”(Lyceum)EssenceIn 323 BC, Alexander died on his way to conquer the world.Aristotle is worried about being persecuted and avoided the island(Euboea)Soon after he died of illness.At the age of 62.

Aristotle’s work (Figure 6), which has been circulating to this day:

Rhetoric(Rhetoric)Items

Poetry(Poetics)Items

Classification(Categories)It tells the 10 characteristics of things, including material, quantity, quality, relationship, place, time, posture, posture, state, movement and movement;

explain(On interpretation)It tells the basic ideas of logic, including the certainty, inevitability, possibility, and accidental nature of things;

Priority analysis(Prior Analysis), Tell the modal and reasoning of logic;

Post -test analysis(Posterior Analysis), About the way of perception, intuition, and logic;

Sophistry(SOPHISTIC Requting)It tells many examples of logical debate and refute some sophistry;

Animal history(History of Animals)It tells a variety of animals, especially marine animals, and animal classification methods;

Occur and die On Generation and Corruption), Tell the growth, change and death of animals;

metaphysics(Metaphysics), Tell the existence, form, different types of causality, and the motivation (the theologians of later generations to prove the existence of God);

ethics(Nicomachean Ethics)This book is named after his son, which is his lecture on his teaching;

Sky(On the heavens), Telling astrology and celestial body operation;

soul(On the soul)Items

politics(POLITICS)Items

Youth and old age, life and death(On Youth and Old Age, on Life and Death, on Breathing)Items

Several topics(Topics)This is some miscellaneous talk about logic, literature and art.

Among the above, the classification, interpretation, priority analysis, post -verification analysis, default and youth and old age, life and death are also collectively known as “tools”(Organon)It is Aristotle’s work on logic.Aristotle’s logic is very exciting.For example, he gave an example:

死 Everyone will die (premise)

人 Socrates is a person (small premise)

会 So Socrates will die (reasoning)

This three -stage reasoning shows the charm of logic (see “Logic Decision”).

Figure 6, Aristotle

However, Aristotle also has some wrong views.For example, he believes that the soil is the heavier, so it falls on the ground; the air is the lightest, so it floats in the air.Based on this, he inferred that the earth is the center of the universe.This is the origin of “Earth’s Story”.

Aristotle’s student Alexander used swords and fires to establish an empire that spans Europe, Asia, and Africa. Aristotle’s doctrine also passed through the world.There were many famous scholars during the death of Aristotle more than a thousand years.They build important achievements in various fields such as mathematics, optics, chemistry, medicine.However, Aristotle is like a mountain, and no one can look back.Aristotle’s work is also regarded as a classic.It was not until the Renaissance (14th century -17th century) that science completely surpassed ancient Greece and settled in a new level.

Many people have studied why sciences have not produced in China (see the “Explosion”).In the era of science, China is not behind.For example, the Warring States Period(476 BC -221 BC)Gande(Mid -4th century BC)Hero Shishen(In the late 4th century BC)It has recorded 810 stars and described the operation of the planet in detail.They were more than one hundred years earlier than setting.China’s four major inventions have changed the entire world.Since then, people have continued to make significant contributions, but the main line of Chinese culture is Confucianism.Confucius research is mainly ethics, society, and politics.Later(156 BC -87 BC)Accept Dong Zhongshu(170 BC -104 BC)Suggestions, stop hundreds, respect Confucianism alone.In the Sui Dynasty(581 -618)Start the imperial examination system, and the “Ming Jing” is examined.In the Ming Dynasty Chenghua years(1465 -1487.It has been developed into “eight -strand literature”.Few people study science.Ming Dynasty(1368 -1644)The Jesuit Masters introduced China Dodge to China, and did not cause much response.

In the late 1970s, there was a buzzword: “Learn mathematics and chemistry, and you are not afraid of traversing the world.”Countless young people are actively investing in the upsurge of learning.This is also one of the important reasons for China’s prosperity today.